EEPROM
EEPROMs store small amounts of data that survive power loss — calibration constants, serial numbers, last-known state — accessed byte-by-byte over I²C or SPI, distinct from larger flash memory by their fine-grained erase/write granularity.
Transistors implement a logic function or store a logic state. A gate follows its truth table, while a flip-flop or register also depends on its stored state and control signals. Real HIGH and LOW voltages, output drive and supply requirements belong to the chosen logic family; they are not automatically the supply rails.
In plain terms
If a microcontroller is a Swiss Army knife, a logic IC is a single perfect tool — say, a precise pair of scissors that does nothing except cut, very, very well.
Why designers use it
- Glue two digital systems together when an MCU is overkill.
- Translate from one logic family to another with a level shifter.
- Build a clock divider, debouncer, or fast counter.
- Pipeline data through a shift register or flip-flop chain.
Best for
- Glue logic
- Level translation
- Debouncing
- Fast counters / dividers
Key specifications
- Operating limits: Check the exact manufacturer's datasheet (A family name does not establish voltage, current, temperature or timing limits.)
- Pin assignment: Match the complete part and package code (A similar name or function does not guarantee the same wiring.)
- Mechanical fit: Use the exact package drawing (Check pad layout, dimensions and viewing direction before building.)
When not to use it
- Where firmware would do the job and you can spare an MCU pin or two.
- When you need many gates — an FPGA or CPLD scales better.
Common mistakes
- Assuming two logic devices are compatible just because their nominal supply voltages sound similar. Check output HIGH/LOW limits against input thresholds, and check input voltage ratings in both directions.
- Leaving required inputs floating instead of following the selected part's input requirements.
- Treating an output-current absolute maximum as a recommended load.
Where you will find it
- A shift register lets a controller send display data serially and then present several output bits together. Output-current limits still determine whether extra LED drivers are needed.
- A decoder selects an output from an input code, a useful building block for address selection or display control.
A short history
Standard logic families made it easier to combine digital building blocks. Sylvania introduced its SUHL TTL family in 1963; Texas Instruments followed with SN5400 in 1964 and the lower-cost plastic-packaged SN7400 series in 1966. Later Schottky and CMOS technologies expanded the available speed, power and integration choices.